Part of the School of Computer Science’s Information Management Group.
To support the dissemination of the work, the following technical reports and peer reviewed publications have been created:
@inproceedings{w4a:2009, Address = {New York, NY, USA},
Author = {Darren Lunn and Simon Harper and Sean Bechhofer},
Booktitle = {W4A '09: Proceedings of the 2009 International Cross-Disciplinary Conference on Web Accessibility (W4A)},
Doi = {10.1145/1535654.1535672},
Url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1535654.1535672},
Isbn = {978-1-60558-561-1},
Keywords = {SADIe, Experimentation, Human Factors, AxsJAX, SADIe, Transcoding, Visually Impaired Users},
Location = {Madrid, Spain},
Month = {April},
Pages = {75--78},
Publisher = {ACM},
Title = {{Combining SADIe and AxsJAX to Improve the Accessibility of Web Content}},
Year = {2009},
Abstract = {The advent of Web 2.0 technologies has allowed once static Web documents to be transformed into online interactive applications. To facilitate the accessibility of this dynamic content, Google have developed the AxsJAX framework that can insert Accessible Rich Internet Applications (ARIA) statements into the content dynamically. Such statements allow assistive technologies to interact with dynamic content and make it accessible to users. SADIe is an approach that uses semantic annotations of a Website's Cascading Style Sheet (CSS) to drive a transformation process that can improve access to Web pages for visually impaired users who use a screen reader. Previously SADIe transcoded static pages by refactoring the content into a format more suited to the sequential audio output of a screen reader. In this paper we present a prototype SADIe transcoder that uses CSS annotations to generate AxsJAX framework code and insert it into Web pages. Such an approach allows users to access static content using a consistent set of key presses in a manner akin to an online application. This demonstrates the flexibility of the SADIe approach as the same annotations can be used to generate an alternative transcoding format. It also supports the use of SADIe as a lightweight method for allowing Web designers to make use of AxsJAX without requiring knowledge of the underlying AxsJAX technologies.}
}
@inproceedings{ontoract:2008,
author = {Darren Lunn and Sean Bechhofer and Simon Harper},
Booktitle = {ONTORACT '08: First International Workshop on Ontologies in Interactive Systems},
Doi = {10.1109/ONTORACT.2008.9},
Url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ONTORACT.2008.9},
Keywords = {SADIe, CSS, Ontologies, Transcoding},
Location = {Liverpool, UK},
Month = {September},
ISBN = {978-0-7695-3542-5/08},
Pages = {9--17},
Publisher = {IEEE},
Title = {{Experiences of Exposing Semantics to Drive Transcoding}},
Year = {2008},
Abstract = {The World Wide Web (Web) is a visually complex, dynamic, multimedia system that can be inaccessible to people with visual impairments. SADIe uses semantic annotations of a Website's Cascading Style Sheet (CSS) to drive a transformation process that can improve access to content for visually impaired users. The original process of annotating the CSS involved the use of an upper ontology, extended by a site specific lower ontology. While this approach provided rich annotation of the CSS terms, experience suggests that components within the model were inappropriate for the interactive system we were developing. This experience has led to a more pragmatic approach that still provides the necessary semantics required to drive the SADIe transcoding tool, but in a more lightweight manner. This paper describes the lessons learnt from building the ontological models for the SADIe platform, highlighting pitfalls that developers of ontologies in interactive systems should be wary of.}
}
@inproceedings{assets:2008a, Address = {New York, NY, USA},
Author = {Darren Lunn and Sean Bechhofer and Simon Harper},
Booktitle = {ASSETS '08: Proceedings of the 10th International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility},
Doi = {10.1145/1414471.1414498},
Url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1414471.1414498},
Isbn = {978-1-59593-976-0},
Keywords = {SADIe, Experimentation, Human Factors, Measurement, Accessibility, SADIe, Semantic Transcoding, Visually Impaired Users, Web},
Location = {Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada},
Month = {October},
Pages = {137--144},
Publisher = {ACM},
Title = {{A User Evaluation of the SADIe Transcoder}},
Year = {2008},
Abstract = {The World Wide Web (Web) is a visually complex, dynamic, multimedia system that can be inaccessible to people with visual impairments. SADIe addresses this problem by using Semantic Web technologies to explicate implicit visual structures through a combination of an upper and lower ontology. This is then used to apply transcoding to a range of Websites. This paper describes a user evaluation that was performed using the SADIe system. Four users were presented with a series of Web pages, some having been adapted using SADIe's transcoding functionality and others retaining in their original state. The results of the evaluation showed that providing answers to a fact based question could be achieved more quickly when the information on the page was exposed via SADIe's transcoding. The data obtained during the experiment was analysed and shown to be statistically significant. This suggests that the transcoding techniques offered by SADIe can assist visually impaired users accessing content on the Web.}
}
@inproceedings{w4a:2008, Address = {New York, NY, USA},
Author = {Darren Lunn and Sean Bechhofer and Simon Harper},
Booktitle = {W4A '08: Proceedings of the 2008 International Cross-Disciplinary Conference on Web Accessibility (W4A)},
Doi = {10.1145/1368044.1368073},
Url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1368044.1368073},
Keywords = {SADIe, Human Factors, VI Users, Accessibility, Transcoding, World Wide Web},
Location = {Beijing, China},
Month = {May},
Isbn = {978-1-60558-153-8},
Pages = {128--129},
Publisher = {ACM},
Title = {{The SADIe Transcoding Platform}},
Year = {2008},
Abstract = {The World Wide Web (Web) is a visually complex, dynamic, multimedia system that can be inaccessible to people with visual impairments. SADIe addresses this problem by using Semantic Web technologies to explicate implicit visual structures through a combination of an upper and lower ontology. By identifying elements within the Web page, in addition to the role that those elements play, accurate transcoding can be applied to a diverse range of Websites.}
}
@inproceedings{assets:2008b, Address = {New York, NY, USA},
Author = {Shinya Kawanaka and Yevgen Borodin and Jeffrey P. Bigham and Darren Lunn and Hironobu Takagi and Chieko Asakawa},
Booktitle = {Assets '08: Proceedings of the 10th International ACM SIGACCESS conference on Computers and Accessibility},
Doi = {10.1145/1414471.1414500},
Url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1414471.1414500},
Isbn = {978-1-59593-976-0},
Keywords = {SADIe, Design, Human Factors, Standardization, Annotation, Database, Metadata, Web Accessibility},
Location = {Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada},
Month = {October},
Pages = {153--160},
Publisher = {ACM},
Title = {{Accessibility Commons: A Metadata Infrastructure for Web Accessibility}},
Year = {2008},
Abstract = {Research projects, assistive technology, and individuals all create metadata in order to improve Web accessibility for visually impaired users. However, since these projects are disconnected from one another, this metadata is isolated in separate tools, stored in disparate repositories, and represented in incompatible formats. Web accessibility could be greatly improved if these individual contributions were merged. An integration method will serve as the bridge between future academic research projects and end users, enabling new technologies to reach end users more quickly. Therefore we introduce Accessibility Commons, a common infrastructure to integrate, store, and share metadata designed to improve Web accessibility. We explore existing tools to show how the metadata that they produce could be integrated into this common infrastructure, we present the design decisions made in order to help ensure that our common repository will remain relevant in the future as new metadata is developed, and we discuss how the common infrastructure component facilitates our broader social approach to improving accessibility.}
}
@inproceedings{assets:2007, Address = {New York, NY, USA},
Author = {Darren Lunn},
Booktitle = {ASSETS '07: Proceedings of the 9th International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility},
Doi = {10.1145/1296843.1296904},
Url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1296843.1296904},
Keywords = {SADIe, Experimentation, Human Factors, Measurement, Accessibility, Evaluation, Randomisation Tests, Transcoding},
Location = {Tempe, Arizona, USA},
Month = {October},
ISBN = {978-1-59593-573-1},
Pages = {263--264},
Publisher = {ACM},
Title = {{SADIe: Exposing Implicit Information to Improve Accessibility}},
Year = {2007},
Abstract = {The World Wide Web (Web) is a visually complex, multimedia system that can be inaccessible to people with visual impairments. SADIe addresses this problem by using Semantic Web technologies to explicate implicit visual structures through a combination of an upper and lower ontology. This is then used to apply accurate transcoding to a range of Websites. To gauge the effectiveness of SADIe's transcoding capability, a user was presented with a series of Web pages, a sample of which had been adapted using SADIe. The results showed that providing answers to fact based questions could be achieved more quickly when information was exposed via SADIe's transcoding. The data obtained during the experiment was analysed with a randomization test to show that the results were statistically significant for a single user.}
}
@inproceedings{Harper2006qf, Abstract = {Visually impaired users are hindered in their efforts to access the World Wide Web (Web) because their information and presentation requirements are different from those of a sighted user. These requirements can become problems as the Web becomes ever more visually centric with regard to presentation and information order / layout, this can (and does) hinder users who need presentationagnostic access to information. Finding semantic information already encoded directly into pages can help to alleviate these problems and support users who wish to understand the meaning as opposed to the presentation and order of the information. Our solution, Structural-Semantics for Accessibility and Device Independence (SADIe) involves building ontologies of Cascading Sytle-Sheets (CSS) and using those ontologies to transform Web pages.},
Address = {New York, NY, USA},
Author = {Simon Harper and Sean Bechhofer and Darren Lunn},
Booktitle = {{ASSETS '06: Proceedings of the 8th International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility}},
Date-Added = {2010-12-06 09:32:56 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2010-12-06 09:32:56 +0000},
Doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1168987.1169044},
Isbn = {1-59593-290-9},
Keywords = {Accessibility, Human Centred Web, SADIe, Visually Impaired, Web Accessibility, Transcoding, Web Mobility, Ontologies, Semantic Web},
Location = {Portland, Oregon, USA},
Month = {October},
Pages = {259--260},
Publisher = {ACM Press},
Title = {{SADIe: Transcoding Based On CSS}},
Url = {http://www.simonharper.info/publications/Harper2006qf.pdf},
Year = {2006},
Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.simonharper.info/publications/Harper2006qf.pdf},
Bdsk-Url-2 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1168987.1169044}
}
@inproceedings{Harper2006dq, Abstract = {Visually impaired users are hindered in their efforts to access the largest repository of electronic information in the world, namely the World Wide Web (Web). A visually impaired users information and presentation requirements are different from a sighted user in that they are highly egocentric and non-visual. These requirements can become problems in that the Web is visually centric with regard to presentation and information order/layout, this can (and does) hinder users who need presentation-agnostic access to information. Finding semantic information already encoded directly into documents can help to alleviate these problems and support users who wish to understand the content as opposed to the presentation and order of the information. If this is to happen in the "real world", however,
authors must incur no "design overhead" when creating documents. Our solution, Structural-Semantics for Accessibility and Device Independence (SADIe) involves building ontologies of Cascading Sytle-Sheets (CSS) and using those ontologies to transformWeb pages. In this way we find that we can indeed "tame" inaccessible Web pages},
Address = {New York, NY, USA},
Author = {Simon Harper and Sean Bechhofer and Darren Lunn},
Booktitle = {{SIGDOC '06: Proceedings of the 24th Annual Conference on Design of Communication}},
Date-Added = {2010-12-06 09:32:56 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2010-12-06 09:32:56 +0000},
Doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1166324.1166340},
Isbn = {1-59593-523-1},
Keywords = {Accessibility, Human Centred Web, SADIe, Visually Impaired, Web Accessibility, Transcoding, Web Mobility, Ontologies, Semantic Web},
Location = {Myrtle Beach, SC, USA},
Pages = {64--69},
Publisher = {ACM Press},
Title = {{Taming the Inaccessible Web}},
Url = {http://www.simonharper.info/publications/Harper2006dq.pdf},
Year = {2006},
Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.simonharper.info/publications/Harper2006dq.pdf},
Bdsk-Url-2 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1166324.1166340}
}
@inproceedings{Harper2006lr, Abstract = {Visually impaired users are hindered in their efforts to access the largest repository of electronic information in the world -- the World Wide Web (Web). The web is visually-centric with regard to presentation and information order / layout, this can (and does) hinder users who need presentation-agnostic access to information. Transcoding can help to make information more accessible via a restructuring of pages. We describe an approach based on annotation of web pages, encoding semantic information that can then be used by tools in order to manipulate and present web pages in a form that provides easier access to content. Annotations are made directly to style sheet information, allowing the annotation of large numbers of similar pages with little effort.},
Author = {Sean Bechhofer and Simon Harper and Darren Lunn},
Booktitle = {{Lecture Notes in Computer Science : The 5th International Semantic Web Conference}},
Date-Added = {2010-12-06 09:32:56 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2010-12-06 09:32:56 +0000},
Doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/11926078_8},
Journal = {{Lecture Notes in Computer Science : The Semantic Web - ISWC 2006}},
Keywords = {Accessibility, Human Centred Web, SADIe, Visually Impaired, Web Accessibility, Transcoding, Web Mobility, Ontologies, Semantic Web},
Month = {November},
Pages = {101--115},
Title = {{Semantic Annotation for Accessibility}},
Url = {http://www.simonharper.info/publications/Harper2006lr.pdf},
Year = {2006},
Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.simonharper.info/publications/Harper2006lr.pdf},
Bdsk-Url-2 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/11926078_8}
}
@inproceedings{iswc:2006,
author = {Sean Bechhofer and Simon Harper and Darren Lunn},
Booktitle = {ISWC '06: Proceedings of The 5th International Semantic Web Conference},
Doi = {10.1007/11926078_8},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/11926078_8},
Keywords = {SADIe, Transcoding, Web Accessibility, Semantic Transcoding, Annotation},
Location = {Athens, Georgia, USA},
Month = {November},
ISBN = {978-3-540-49029-6},
Pages = {101--115},
Publisher = {Springer Berlin / Heidelberg},
Title = {{SADIe: Semantic Annotation for Accessibility}},
Year = {2006},
Abstract = {Visually impaired users are hindered in their efforts to access the largest repository of electronic information in the world -- the World Wide Web (Web). The web is visually-centric with regard to presentation and information order / layout, this can (and does) hinder users who need presentation-agnostic access to information. Transcoding can help to make information more accessible via a restructuring of pages. We describe an approach based on annotation of web pages, encoding semantic information that can then be used by tools in order to manipulate and present web pages in a form that provides easier access to content. Annotations are made directly to style sheet information, allowing the annotation of large numbers of similar pages with little effort.}
}
@inproceedings{Harper2004qa, Abstract = {Visually impaired users are hindered in their efforts to access the largest repository of electronic information in the world, namely the World Wide Web (Web). A visually impaired user's information and presentation requirements are different from a sighted user in that they are highly egocentric and non-visual. These requirements can become problems in that the web is visually centric with regard to presentation and information order / layout, this can (and does) hinder users who need presentation-agnostic access to information. Encoding semantic information directly into pages can help to alleviate these problems and support users who wish to understand the meaning as opposed to the presentation and order of the information. If this is to happen in the 'real world', however,
authors must incur no 'semantic overhead' when creating pages. In addition, resistance will be encountered to measures that threaten to compromise web design. In this paper we describe preliminary work towards an approach enabling a low-cost, lightweight solution to semantic encoding.},
Address = {Hiroshima, Japan},
Author = {Simon Harper and Sean Bechhofer},
Booktitle = {{Proceedings of the ISWC 2004 Workshop on Knowledge Markup and Semantic Annotation (Semannot'2004)}},
Date-Added = {2010-12-06 09:32:56 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2010-12-06 09:32:56 +0000},
Editor = {Siegfried Handschuh and Marja-Riitta Koivunen and Rose Dieng and Steffen Staab},
Issn = {1613-0073},
Keywords = {Accessibility, Human Centred Web, SADIe, Visually Impaired, Web Accessibility, Transcoding, Web Mobility, Ontologies, Semantic Web},
Month = {November},
Publisher = {{CEUR Workshop Proceedings (CEUR-WS.org)}},
Title = {{Lightweight Mark-Up for Low Cost Semantics}},
Url = {http://www.simonharper.info/publications/Harper2004qa.pdf},
Year = {2004},
Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.simonharper.info/publications/Harper2004qa.pdf}
}
@article{taccess:2011, Abstract = {The World Wide Web is a predominantly visual media for presenting and disseminating information. As such, visually impaired users, who access content through audio interaction, are hindered as the Web is not designed with their needs in mind. To compensate for this, visually impaired users develop behavioral strategies to cope when access to the content becomes challenging. While tools exist to aid visually impaired users in accessing the Web, they tend to focus on adapting content to meet the needs of the device rather than the user. Therefore, to further improve Web access an understanding of the behavioral strategies users employ is required. To achieve this, studies of eleven visually impaired Web users were conducted. The data from these sessions were analyzed to develop a framework for identifying strategies that users may employ when they face difficulties accessing the content. Using data for twenty visually impaired users obtained from an independent study, the framework was validated and shown to be flexible and accurate enough to be applicable to multiple data sources. An analysis of the coping strategies identified from the framework revealed six abstract patterns of coping. These patterns were used as the basis for developing behavior-driven transcoding that transformed static Web documents into interactive content by allowing users to navigate between key elements of the page through a consistent set of key presses. Results obtained from a user evaluation of the transcoding support the use of behavior-driven transcoding as a mechanism for improving access to Web content when compared to existing transcoding techniques. This result allows the coping strategies framework to be used as a foundation for further understanding of the strategies visually impaired users employ on Web sites and the transformations required to allow the Web to be accessible to those users.},
Acmid = {1952390},
Address = {New York, NY, USA},
Articleno = {13},
Author = {Darren Lunn and Simon Harper and Sean Bechhofer},
Doi = {10.1145/1952388.1952390},
Issn = {1936-7228},
Issue = {4},
Number = {4},
Journal = {ACM Transactions on Accessible Computing},
Keywords = {SADIe, CASTA, Coping Strategies, Semantic Transcoding, Transcoding, CSS},
Month = {April},
Numpages = {35},
Pages = {13:1--13:35},
Publisher = {ACM},
Title = {{Identifying Behavioral Strategies of Visually Impaired Users to Improve Access to Web Content}},
Url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1952388.1952390},
Volume = {3},
Year = {2011}
}
@article{Harper2007kx, Abstract = {Visually impaired users are hindered in their efforts to access the largest repository of electronic information in the world, namely, the World Wide Web (web). A visually impaired user's informa- tion and presentation requirements are different from a sighted user's. These requirements can become problems in that the web is visually centric with regard to presentation and information order/layout. Finding semantic information already encoded directly into documents can help to alleviate these problems. Our approach can be loosely described as follows. For a particular cas- cading stylesheet (CSS), we provide an extension to an upper-level ontology which represents the interface between web documents and the programmatic transformation mechanism. This exten- sion gives the particular characteristics of the elements appearing in that specific CSS. We can consider this extension to be an annotation of the CSS elements implicitly encoded into the web document. This means that one ontology can be used to accuratly transform every web document that references the CSS used to generate that ontology. Simply one ontology accuratly transforms an entire site using a generalized programmatic machinery able to cope with all sites using CSS. Here we describe our method, implementation, and technical evaluation. },
Address = {New York, NY, USA},
Author = {Simon Harper and Sean Bechhofer},
Date-Added = {2010-12-06 09:32:56 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2010-12-06 09:32:56 +0000},
Doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1275511.1275516},
Issn = {1073-0516},
Journal = {ACM Trans. Comput.-Hum. Interact.},
Keywords = {Accessibility, Human Centred Web, SADIe, Visually Impaired, Web Accessibility, Transcoding, Web Mobility, Ontologies, Semantic Web},
Number = {2},
Pages = {10},
Publisher = {ACM Press},
Title = {SADIe: Structural semantics for accessibility and device independence},
Url = {http://www.simonharper.info/publications/Harper2007kx.pdf},
Volume = {14},
Year = {2007},
Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.simonharper.info/publications/Harper2007kx.pdf},
Bdsk-Url-2 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1275511.1275516}
}
@article{Harper2005ys, Abstract = {Visually impaired users are hindered in their efforts to access the largest repository of electronic information in the world, namely the World Wide Web. A visually impaired user's information and presentation requirements are different from those of a sighted user, in that they are highly individualized and nonvisual. These requirements can become problems in that the Web is visual-centric with regard to presentation as well as information order and layout. This can and does hinder users who need access to information but cannot take advantage of the visual cues available to sighted users. Our objective is to address these problems by creating usable and appropriately 'displayed' Web pages for all users who wish to understand the meaning of the information, as opposed to its presentation and order. We assert that the only way to accomplish this is to encode the semantic information of the page directly into the page. In this paper we describe work toward a low-overhead system to enable just this kind of semantic encoding. In particular, our approach allows semantics-based triage, that is, prioritized removal of unnecessary information from the presentation of a Web site, to make the interaction of visually impaired users with that site more productive. },
Address = {New York, USA},
Author = {Simon Harper and Sean Bechhofer},
Date-Added = {2010-12-06 09:32:56 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2010-12-06 09:32:56 +0000},
Doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1147/sj.443.0637},
Editor = {John J. Ritsko, et al},
Journal = {{IBM Systems Journal}},
Keywords = {Accessibility, Human Centred Web, SADIe, Visually Impaired, Web Accessibility, Transcoding, Web Mobility, Ontologies, Semantic Web},
Month = {August},
Number = {3},
Pages = {637-648},
Publisher = {{IBM}},
Title = {{Semantic Triage for Increased Accessibility}},
Url = {http://www.simonharper.info/publications/Harper2005ys.pdf},
Volume = {44},
Year = {2005},
Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.simonharper.info/publications/Harper2005ys.pdf},
Bdsk-Url-2 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1147/sj.443.0637}
}
@incollection{sigweb-newsletter:2011spring, Address = {New York, NY, USA},
Author = {Darren Lunn},
Booktitle = {SIGWEB Quarterly},
Chapter = {3},
Doi = {10.1145/1942800.1942803},
url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1942800.1942803},
Editor = {Jessica Rubart},
Howpublished = {Newsletter},
Keywords = {SADIe, CASTA, Coping Strategies, Semantic Transcoding, Transcoding, CSS, SIGWEB Newsletter},
Month = {March},
ISSN = {1931-1745},
Pages = {1--4},
Publisher = {ACM},
Title = {{Towards Behaviour-Driven Transcoding of Web Content Through an Analysis of User Coping Strategies}},
Volume = {Spring},
Type = {Article},
Year = {2011},
Abstract = {Darren Lunn is a research associate at the University of Manchester, working in the Web Er- gonomics Lab. Darren completed his PhD in 2009 at the School of Computer Science at the University of Manchester under the supervision of Simon Harper and Sean Bechhofer. His PhD thesis was entitled Towards Behaviour-Driven Transcoding of Web Content Through an Analysis of User Coping Strategies where a transcoding engine was developed that modified Web content based on annotations of the Cascading Style Sheets associated with the page. This was coupled with a framework that was developed to allow strategies to be identified that visually impaired users employed to overcome Web content that was difficult to interact with. This framework was used to develop the adaptations incorporated into the transcoding engine and allowed easier access to Web content for visually impaired users. A complete copy of the thesis can be found at: \url{http://wel- eprints.cs.manchester.ac.uk/127/}}
}
@phdthesis{thesis:phd, Address = {School of Computer Science, Oxford Road, Manchester, UK},
Author = {Darren Lunn},
Keywords = {SADIe, CASTA, Coping Strategies, Semantic Transcoding, Transcoding, CSS, Thesis, PhD},
Month = {November},
School = {The University of Manchester},
Title = {{Towards Behaviour-Driven Transcoding of Web Content Through an Analysis of User Coping Strategies}},
Type = {{Doctor of Philosophy in the Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences}},
Url = {http://hcw-eprints.cs.manchester.ac.uk/127/},
Year = {2009},
Abstract = {People with visual impairments are hindered when accessing information on the World Wide Web (Web) as content is not designed with their needs in mind. Visually impaired users can access the Web through screen readers that use the underlying structure of a page to create a sequential, audio rendering of the content. However, most designers are mainly concerned with how content is presented, rather than its structure and meaning. Consequently, implicit information available through the visual rendering of the content is lost to screen readers and therefore users. To address this problem, tools that transcode Web content into a format more suitable for screen readers have been developed. While these tools have assisted users in accessing Web content, limitations have been identified. Firstly, the approaches taken have either been scalable but inaccurate, or accurate but unscalable. Secondly, the transformations have tended to focus on adapting content to meet the needs of the device rather than the user. This thesis presents work that addresses both these limitations. SADIe, a content transcoder, was developed that is both accurate and scalable. This is achieved by annotating the Cascading Style Sheet of a Website. The annotations provide accurate transcoding as they identify key elements of the page when applying the transformations. As most Websites typically have one set of style sheets that all pages refer to, the annotations propagate to every page providing scalability. Technical evaluations of SADIe established that it was capable of consistently transcoding a diverse range of Websites. Unlike previous tools, the transformations used were based upon an understanding of behavioural strategies users employ when accessing Web content. A study of eleven users identified forty-eight strategies categorised into six abstract patterns. Transformations based on four of these patterns were incorporated into SADIe. Qualitative and quantitative user studies of the behaviour-driven transcoding demonstrated that the approach can assist users in accessing Web content beyond that of previous solutions.}
}
@misc{Harper2006fk, Abstract = {Previous engineering approaches seem to have precluded the engineering of accessible systems. This is plainly unsatisfactory. Designers,
authors, and technologist are at present playing 'catch-up' with a continually moving target in an attempt to retrofit systems. In fact engineering accessible interfaces is as important as their functionality's and should be an indivisible part of the development. We should be engineering accessibility as part of the development and not as afterthought or because government restrictions and civil law requires us to. Our workshop brought together a cross section of the Web design and engineering communities; to report on developments, discuss the issues, and suggest cross-pollinated solutions. Conventional workshops on accessibility tended to be single disciplinary in nature. However, we were concerned that a single disciplinary approach prevents the cross-pollination of ideas, needs, and technologies from other related but separate fields. The workshop was therefore, decidedly cross disciplinary in nature and brought together users, accessibility experts, graphic designers, and technologists from academia and industry to discuss how accessibility could be supported. We also encouraged the participation of users and other interested parties as an additional balance to the discussion. Views often bridged academia, commerce, and industry and arguments encompassed a range of beliefs across the design-accessibility spectrum. Our aim was to focus on accessibility by encouraging participation from many disciplines; represented in the following discussion and paper abstracts. },
Author = {Simon Harper and Yeliz Yesilada and Carole Goble},
Date-Added = {2010-12-06 09:32:56 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2010-12-06 09:32:56 +0000},
Doi = {http://www.rinton.net/xjwe5/jwe-5-4/291-291.pdf},
Journal = {{Journal of Web Engineering}},
Keywords = {Accessibility, Human Centred Web, W4A, Accessible Design, Web Accessibility, Engineering, SADIe, W4A-2005},
Month = {December},
Number = {4},
Pages = {291},
Title = {{Introduction - Web Accessibility}},
Url = {http://www.simonharper.info/publications/Harper2006fk.pdf},
Volume = {5},
Year = {2006},
Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.simonharper.info/publications/Harper2006fk.pdf},
Bdsk-Url-2 = {http://www.rinton.net/xjwe5/jwe-5-4/291-291.pdf}
}
@mastersthesis{thesis:msc, Address = {School of Computer Science, Oxford Road, Manchester, UK},
Author = {Darren Lunn},
Keywords = {SADIe, Accessibility, Semantic Transcoding, Annotation, Web Resource, World Wide Web, XHTML, CSS, Ontologies},
Month = {September},
School = {The University of Manchester},
Title = {{SADIe: Structural-Semantics for Accessibility and Device Independence}},
Type = {{Master of Science in Advanced Computer Science}},
Url = {http://hcw-eprints.cs.manchester.ac.uk/57/},
Year = {2005},
Abstract = {Currently the World Wide Web is visual-centric with web sites often being designed only with the presentation of data in mind. A consequence of this design perspective is that information contained within the data is only accessible implicitly through the layout of the web page, rather than explicitly through the data itself. While this implicit knowledge is relatively easy to access for sighted users, it is often difficult to access for visually impaired computer users. This project describes an investigation into a way of allowing visually impaired computer users the same access to information on the World Wide Web as sighted computer users. By using ontologies to capture the semantics of the CSS Stylesheets and XHTML, the implicit information contained within a web page can be reordered and manipulated into an explicit form that better suits the needs of visually impaired users.}
}
@conference{Harper2005kx, Abstract = {Previous engineering approaches seem to have precluded the engineering of accessible systems. This is plainly unsatisfactory. Designers,
authors, and technologist are at present playing 'catch-up' with a continually moving target in an attempt to retrofit systems. In-fact engineering accessible interfaces is as important as their functionality's and should be an indivisible part of the development. We should be engineering accessibility as part of the development and not as afterthought or because government restrictions and civil law requires us to. These proceedings bring together a cross section of the web design and engineering communities. The papers included here report on developments, discuss the issues, and suggest cross-pollinated solutions. Conventional workshops on accessibility tend to be single disciplinary in nature. However, we are concerned that this focus on a single participant group prevents the cross-pollination of ideas, needs, and technologies from other related but separate fields. As with the first, this second workshop is decidedly cross disciplinary in nature and brings together users, accessibility experts, graphic designers, and technologists from academia and industry to discuss how accessibility can be supported. We also encourage the participation of users and other interested parties as an additional balance to the discussion. Our aim is to focus on accessibility by encouraging participation from many disciplines. Views often bridge academia, commerce, and industry and arguments encompass a range of beliefs across the designaccessibility spectrum. Many people contributed to the success of the program. We would like to thank the programme committee for their exceptional work and dedication in the review process. We would also like to thank the authors for their excellent work and delegates for their participation. Finally, we would like to thank our supporters: ACM SIGACCESS; ACM SIGWEB; Continental Airlines; and the Zakon Group. It's our sincere hope that the W4A will continue to provide an excellent forum for researchers and practitioners of the accessibility and design communities to exchange ideas and to help grow this community together. We hope you all find this workshop useful, memorable, and above all, good fun! },
Address = {New York, NY, USA},
Author = {Simon Harper and Yeliz Yesilada and Carole Goble},
Booktitle = {{W4A '05: Proceedings of the 2005 International Cross-Disciplinary Workshop on Web Accessibility (W4A)}},
Date-Added = {2010-12-06 09:32:56 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2010-12-06 09:32:56 +0000},
Doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1061811},
Editor = {Simon Harper and Yeliz Yesilada and Carole Goble},
Isbn = {1-59593-036-1},
Keywords = {Accessibility, Human Centred Web, W4A, Accessible Design, Web Accessibility, Engineering, SADIe, W4A-2005},
Location = {Chiba, Japan},
Month = {May},
Publisher = {ACM Press},
Title = {{Engineering Accessible Design}},
Url = {http://www.simonharper.info/publications/Harper2005kx.pdf},
Year = {2005},
Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.simonharper.info/publications/Harper2005kx.pdf},
Bdsk-Url-2 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1061811}
}
@techreport{hcw-eprints:064, Address = {School of Computer Science, Oxford Road, Manchester, UK},
Author = {Darren Lunn and Eleni Michailidou},
Doi = {http://hcw-eprints.cs.manchester.ac.uk/64/},
Institution = {The University of Manchester},
Keywords = {CASTA, SADIe, Observation, Coping Strategies, Qualitative Data},
Month = {February},
Note = {\url{http://hcw-eprints.cs.manchester.ac.uk/64/}},
Number = {8},
Title = {{Observational Notes Acquired from Henshaws' Skillstep to Success Class: Observation Period 2}},
Type = {SADIe Technical Report},
Url = {http://hcw-eprints.cs.manchester.ac.uk/64/},
Year = {2008},
Abstract = {Henshaws' Society for Blind People is a charity for visually impaired people of all ages. One of the facilities the charity provides for its members is an IT course entitled "Skillstep to Success". The authors of this report spent seven sessions at Henshaws' acting as observers and, in some cases, classroom assistants in the Skillstep class. The sessions lasted for two hours each, during which time the authors discussed accessibility issues with students and staff of the class in addition to observing students accessing the Web. This report presents the combined observations of the two authors made during the sessions in a cohesive manner but does not aim to provide any analysis or draw any conclusions from the visits to Henshaws'.}
}
@techreport{hcw-eprints:063, Address = {School of Computer Science, Oxford Road, Manchester, UK},
Author = {Darren Lunn},
Doi = {http://hcw-eprints.cs.manchester.ac.uk/63/},
Institution = {The University of Manchester},
Keywords = {SADIe, Transcoder, Ontologies, Construction, Manual},
Month = {January},
Note = {\url{http://hcw-eprints.cs.manchester.ac.uk/63/}},
Number = {7},
Title = {{Building Ontologies For The SADIe Transcoder}},
Type = {SADIe Technical Report},
Url = {http://hcw-eprints.cs.manchester.ac.uk/63/},
Year = {2008},
Abstract = {People with visual impairments are hindered in their access to information on the Web because it is not designed with their needs in mind. To improve access to Web content, the SADIe Transcoding Platform creates a sequential audio rendering of the page that is better suited to visually impaired users. The transcoding that achieves this is driven by an ontology that explicates implicit information held within the page. The ontology consists of two parts. The first is an upper level ontology containing high level abstract concepts representing the potential roles of Web page elements. The second part of the ontology is a Website specific extension to the upper ontology. This paper provides an overview of the SADIe ontology structure and gives details on how Website developers can build ontologies for their Websites that will operate correctly with SADIe.}
}
@techreport{hcw-eprints:065, Address = {School of Computer Science, Oxford Road, Manchester, UK},
Author = {Darren Lunn},
Doi = {http://hcw-eprints.cs.manchester.ac.uk/65/},
Institution = {The University of Manchester},
Keywords = {SADIe, Quantitative Measures, Randomization Tests, t-tests},
Month = {July},
Note = {\url{http://hcw-eprints.cs.manchester.ac.uk/65/}},
Number = {9},
Title = {{A Quantitative Evaluation of The SADIe Transcoder: Measuring Time To Task Completion}},
Type = {SADIe Technical Report},
Url = {http://hcw-eprints.cs.manchester.ac.uk/65/},
Year = {2008},
Abstract = {The World Wide Web (Web) is a visually complex, dynamic, multimedia system that can be inaccessible to people with visual impairments. SADIe addresses this problem by using Semantic Web technologies to apply accurate transcoding to a range of Websites. This report presents a user evaluation that was performed using the SADIe system. Users were presented with a series of Web pages, some having been adapted using SADIe's transcoding functionality and others retaining in their original state. Participants were asked to provide answers to a fact based questions, allowing a quantitative comparison between access to transcoded and non-transcoded Web pages to be made. Statistical analyses using both randomization testing and t-tests indicate that SADIe can improve the time users can reach information within a Web page.}
}
@techreport{hcw-eprints:077, Address = {School of Computer Science, Oxford Road, Manchester, UK},
Author = {Darren Lunn},
Doi = {http://hcw-eprints.cs.manchester.ac.uk/77/},
Institution = {The University of Manchester},
Keywords = {SADIe, Quantitative Measures, Randomization Tests, t-tests, Firevox, Firefox},
Month = {November},
Note = {\url{http://hcw-eprints.cs.manchester.ac.uk/77/}},
Number = {13},
Title = {{A Quantitative Evaluation of The SADIe Transcoder Using Firevox: Measuring Time To Task Completion}},
Type = {SADIe Technical Report},
Url = {http://hcw-eprints.cs.manchester.ac.uk/77/},
Year = {2008},
Abstract = {The World Wide Web (Web) is a visually complex, dynamic, multimedia system that can be inaccessible to people with visual impairments. SADIe addresses this problem by using Semantic Web technologies to apply accurate transcoding to a range of Websites. This report presents a repeat evaluation using pages and tasks from a previous study that was performed using the SADIe system. The only change being that users were asked to use the Firevox self-voicing Web Browser rather than their own equipment. Users were presented with a series of Web pages, some having been adapted using SADIe's transcoding functionality and others retaining the original state. Participants were asked to provide answers to a fact based questions, allowing a quantitative comparison between access to transcoded and non-transcoded Web pages to be made. Statistical analysis using t-tests indicate that SADIe transcoding can significantly improve the time users take to reach information within a Web page. Comparisons with data from the previous evaluation also shown that there was no statistically significant difference between these results and those of the previous study.}
}
@techreport{hcw-eprints:067, Address = {School of Computer Science, Oxford Road, Manchester, UK},
Author = {Darren Lunn},
Doi = {http://hcw-eprints.cs.manchester.ac.uk/67/},
Institution = {The University of Manchester},
Keywords = {NoVA, SADIe, CASTA, Verification, Coping Strategies, Framework},
Month = {July},
Note = {\url{http://hcw-eprints.cs.manchester.ac.uk/67/}},
Number = {10},
Title = {{Verification of The Coping Strategy Framework Through An Analysis of the NoVA Evaluation Data}},
Type = {SADIe Technical Report},
Url = {http://hcw-eprints.cs.manchester.ac.uk/67/},
Year = {2008},
Abstract = {People with visual impairments are hindered when accessing content on the World Wide Web (Web) as it is not designed with their needs in mind. While tools exists that adapt Web content to aid visually impaired users, the transformations are shallow and based on developers using their own intuition to solve perceived problems. As such, even when using transcoding tools, many visually impaired users develop coping strategies that allow them to access Web content. We assert that by understanding user coping strategies, a deeper level of content adaptation can be achieved that creates Web pages that are more accessible to visually impaired users than current solutions. In previous work we have taken the first steps towards defining coping strategies and devised an initial framework that can be used to identify and categorise coping strategies. This paper takes that initial framework and successfully applies it to independent data taken from an evaluation of the NoVA Project. The results show that the model is flexible and accurate enough to be applied to third party data and validate the framework and approach that we have taken.}
}
@techreport{hcw-eprints:072, Address = {School of Computer Science, Oxford Road, Manchester, UK},
Author = {Darren Lunn},
Doi = {http://hcw-eprints.cs.manchester.ac.uk/72/},
Institution = {The University of Manchester},
Keywords = {SADIe, Quantitative Measures, Randomization Tests, t-tests, Firevox, Firefox},
Month = {November},
Note = {\url{http://hcw-eprints.cs.manchester.ac.uk/72/}},
Number = {12},
Title = {{A Quantitative Evaluation of The SADIe Transcoder With Sighted Users: Measuring Time To Task Completion}},
Type = {SADIe Technical Report},
Url = {http://hcw-eprints.cs.manchester.ac.uk/72/},
Year = {2008},
Abstract = {The World Wide Web (Web) is a visually complex, dynamic, multimedia system that can be inaccessible to people with visual impairments. SADIe addresses this problem by using Semantic Web technologies to apply accurate transcoding to a range of Websites. This report presents a user evaluation that was performed using sighted users to establish the ease with which they could complete tasks on a set of Web pages. Users were presented with a series of Web pages that retained their original state. Participants were asked to provide answers to fact based questions. This provided a base-level of task completion times for pages being accessed by sighted users -- the user group in mind when the pages were designed. Future SADIe transcoding should allow visually impaired users to complete the tasks in similar times if the transcoding is to enable visually impaired users access information as easily as sighted users.}
}
@techreport{hcw-eprints:069, Address = {School of Computer Science, Oxford Road, Manchester, UK},
Author = {Darren Lunn},
Doi = {http://hcw-eprints.cs.manchester.ac.uk/69/},
Institution = {The University of Manchester},
Keywords = {NoVA, SADIe, CASTA, Verification, Coping Strategies, Framework, Abstract Patterns},
Month = {August},
Note = {\url{http://hcw-eprints.cs.manchester.ac.uk/69/}},
Number = {11},
Title = {{Coping Strategy Pattern Identification: An Analysis of the Henshaws' and NoVA Data}},
Type = {SADIe Technical Report},
Url = {http://hcw-eprints.cs.manchester.ac.uk/69/},
Year = {2008},
Abstract = {People with visual impairments are hindered when accessing content on the World Wide Web (Web) as it is not designed with their needs in mind. While tools exists that adapt Web content to aid visually impaired users, the transformations are shallow and based on developers using their own intuition to solve perceived problems. As such, even when using transcoding tools, many visually impaired users develop coping strategies that allow them to access Web content. We assert that by understanding user coping strategies, a deeper level of content adaptation can be achieved that creates Web pages that are more accessible to visually impaired users than current solutions. In previous work we have taken the first steps towards defining coping strategies and devised an initial framework that can be used to identify and categorise coping strategies. In this paper the coping definition was applied to three independent data sets. The strategies that were captured were then analysed and six recurring patterns were identified from the data. These recurring patterns can now be used to form the basis of algorithms designed to reduce the need for coping strategies and move transcoders towards the deeper levels of transcoding that we desire.}
}
@techreport{hcw-eprints:078, Address = {School of Computer Science, Oxford Road, Manchester, UK},
Author = {Darren Lunn},
Doi = {http://hcw-eprints.cs.manchester.ac.uk/78/},
Institution = {The University of Manchester},
Keywords = {SADIe, Quantitative Measures, Randomization Tests, t-tests, Firevox, Firefox, CASTA, Deep Transcoding},
Month = {December},
Note = {\url{http://hcw-eprints.cs.manchester.ac.uk/78/}},
Number = {14},
Title = {{A Quantitative Evaluation of The SADIe Deep Transcoder Using Firevox: Measuring Time To Task Completion}},
Type = {SADIe Technical Report},
Url = {http://hcw-eprints.cs.manchester.ac.uk/78/},
Year = {2008},
Abstract = {The World Wide Web (Web) is a visually complex, dynamic, multimedia system that can be inaccessible to people with visual impairments. SADIe addresses this problem by using Semantic Web technologies to apply accurate transcoding to a range of Websites. This report presents a user evaluation that was performed using the SADIe system enhanced with transcoding functionality derived from coping strategy analyses. Users were presented with a series of Web pages that had been adapted using SADIe. Participants were asked to provide answers to a fact based questions, allowing a quantitative comparison to be made between the results of the deep transcoding of this experiment and results from shallow transcoding conducted in previous experiments. An analysis using t-tests shows that the overall mean access time was significantly improved using deep transcoding compared to shallow transcoding.}
}
@techreport{hcw-eprints:061, Address = {School of Computer Science, Oxford Road, Manchester, UK},
Author = {Darren Lunn and Eleni Michailidou},
Doi = {http://hcw-eprints.cs.manchester.ac.uk/61/},
Institution = {The University of Manchester},
Keywords = {CASTA, SADIe, Observation, Coping Strategies, Qualitative Data},
Month = {July},
Note = {\url{http://hcw-eprints.cs.manchester.ac.uk/61/}},
Number = {5},
Title = {{Observational Notes Acquired from Henshaws' Skillstep to Success Class: Observation Period 1}},
Type = {SADIe Technical Report},
Url = {http://hcw-eprints.cs.manchester.ac.uk/61/},
Year = {2007},
Abstract = {Henshaws' Society for Blind People is a charity for visually impaired people of all ages. One of the facilities the charity provides for its members is an IT course entitled "Skillstep to Success". The authors of this report spent seven sessions at Henshaws' acting as observers and, in some cases, classroom assistants in the Skillstep class. The sessions lasted for two hours each, during which time the authors discussed accessibility issues with students and staff of the class in addition to observing students accessing the Web. This report presents the combined observations of the two authors made during the sessions in a cohesive manner but does not aim to provide any analysis or draw any conclusions from the visits to Henshaws'.}
}
@techreport{hcw-eprints:062, Address = {School of Computer Science, Oxford Road, Manchester, UK},
Author = {Darren Lunn},
Doi = {http://hcw-eprints.cs.manchester.ac.uk/62/},
Institution = {The University of Manchester},
Keywords = {CASTA, SADIe, Observation, Coping Strategies, Qualitative Data},
Month = {December},
Note = {\url{http://hcw-eprints.cs.manchester.ac.uk/62/}},
Number = {6},
Title = {{CASTA: Coping Strategy Analysis to Support Transcoding Algorithms: Analysis of Henshaws' Observational Data}},
Type = {SADIe Technical Report},
Url = {http://hcw-eprints.cs.manchester.ac.uk/62/},
Year = {2007},
Abstract = {People with visual impairments are hindered when accessing content on the World Wide Web (Web) as it is not designed with their needs in mind. SADIe is a tool that adapts Web content to aid visually impaired users and has been successfully user tested. However, like similar systems, the adaptations are shallow and based on developers using their own intuition to solve perceived problems. As such, even when using tools like SADIe, many visually impaired users develop coping strategies that allow them to access Web content. We assert that by understanding user coping strategies, a deeper level of content adaptation can be achieved that creates Web pages that are more accessible to visually impaired users than current solutions. As a first step to understanding coping strategies, several sessions of an IT class organised by Henshaws' Society for Blind People were observed. This paper is a first analysis of the raw anecdotal and quantitative data that was obtained during those observational sessions. By looking at coping strategies used from a number of dimensions, an initial definition and classification of coping strategies is presented. This is followed by a discussion of the future work that needs to be conducted in order to further our understanding of coping strategies and how these may be used to support transcoding tools.}
}
@techreport{hcw-eprints:060, Address = {School of Computer Science, Oxford Road, Manchester, UK},
Author = {Darren Lunn},
Doi = {http://hcw-eprints.cs.manchester.ac.uk/60/},
Institution = {The University of Manchester},
Keywords = {Randomization, Statistical Testing, SADIe},
Month = {February},
Note = {\url{http://hcw-eprints.cs.manchester.ac.uk/60/}},
Number = {4},
Title = {{Randomization Testing And Why It Is Appropriate For SADIe}},
Type = {SADIe Technical Report},
Url = {http://hcw-eprints.cs.manchester.ac.uk/60/},
Year = {2007},
Abstract = {The evaluations currently being carried out for the SADIe Transcoding Proxy are not suitable for conditions needed to satisfy classical parametric testing requirements. These requirements include the use of large data sets chosen at random from the candidate population and the need for theoretical distribution models of the evaluation tests that are being conducted. In this paper, we shall look at why SADIe fails to meet these requirements before presenting a case for the use of randomization testing. These tests make no assumptions about the data obtained during the evaluation and can be applied to small data sets. In addition randomization tests provide statistical results that are equivalent to parametric results for large datasets, yet provide reliable results when the size of the dataset is small.}
}
@techreport{hcw-eprints:059, Address = {School of Computer Science, Oxford Road, Manchester, UK},
Author = {Darren Lunn},
Doi = {http://hcw-eprints.cs.manchester.ac.uk/59/},
Url = {http://hcw-eprints.cs.manchester.ac.uk/59/},
Institution = {The University of Manchester},
Keywords = {SADIe, Transcoding, Semantic Transcoding, CSS, Web Accessibility, Transfer Report},
Month = {September},
Note = {\url{http://hcw-eprints.cs.manchester.ac.uk/59/}},
Number = {3},
Title = {{SADIe: Structural-Semantics for Accessibility and Device Independence}},
Type = {SADIe Technical Report},
Year = {2006},
Abstract = {The World Wide Web (Web) has evolved from a predominantly text-based resource into a visually complex, dynamic, multimedia system that incorporates images, video and scripting languages. Most Web designers make use of this multimedia to think of elaborate ways of presenting their data in a visual manner. Visually impaired users, who access the Web through alternative devices such as screen readers, find it difficult to access Web content because it is not designed with their needs in mind. Screen readers access Web content via the explicit underlying structure of the Web page. Implicit information designed for sighted users is inaccessible to screen readers and therefore visually impaired users. In order to cope with this difficulty, users' employ coping strategies, which are techniques designed to improve access to inaccessible Web pages. The Semantic Web is an evolution of the current Web, through which the meaning of data and information is available to both machines and humans. Technologies such as XML, RDF and OWL have been developed to support machine understanding of information on the Web. SADIe uses Semantic Web technologies, in particular ontologies, to explicate implicitly rendered information. The ontology consists of two parts. The first is an upper ontology containing high level abstract concepts representing the potential roles of Web page elements. The second is a Website specific extension to the upper ontology. This contains the elements found within the CSS plus the roles that they play. SADIe uses the ontology combination to apply transcoding to pages within a Website in order to improve access for people with visual impairments, and hence reduce the need for coping strategies. SADIe's approach of using upper level ontologies to offer site wide transcoding offers a "high gain, low pain" technique. SADIe improves access to the Web for people with visual impairments, without overly impeding Web designers in their primary job of creating visually stunning and interesting Websites.}
}
@techreport{hcw-eprints:058, Address = {School of Computer Science, Oxford Road, Manchester, UK},
Author = {Darren Lunn},
Doi = {http://hcw-eprints.cs.manchester.ac.uk/58/},
Institution = {The University of Manchester},
Keywords = {SADIe, Semantic Web, Screen Scraping, Annotation},
Month = {November},
Note = {\url{http://hcw-eprints.cs.manchester.ac.uk/58/}},
Number = {2},
Title = {{A Review of Piggy Bank and How it Compares to SADIe}},
Type = {SADIe Technical Report},
Url = {http://hcw-eprints.cs.manchester.ac.uk/58/},
Year = {2005},
Abstract = {The Semantic Web vision is one where information and presentation are separated in order for automated tools and computer agents to find and extract the information that the user wants more accurately. To be able to do this, machines will need to be able to freely access data and information contained within web documents and for these documents to be reasoned over. Piggy Bank is a tool which attempts to extract pure data from a web page in order to provide users with some of the information retrieval power of the Semantic Web without fully adopting the tools and technologies that will be required for the Semantic Web to come into existence. SADIe is a tool that uses the structure of the web page in order to transcode it so that it better suits the accessibility needs of the user. This paper will look at what Piggy bank can do with the data it extracts from a web page and how this compares with SADIe.}
}
@techreport{Harper2005ly, Abstract = {Previous engineering approaches seem to have precluded the engineering of accessible systems. This is plainly unsatisfactory. Designers,
authors, and technologist are at present playing 'catch-up' with a continually moving target in an attempt to retrofit systems. In fact engineering accessible interfaces is as important as their functionality's and should be an indivisible part of the development. We should be engineering accessibility as part of the development and not as afterthought or because government restrictions and civil law requires us to. Our workshop brought together a cross section of the Web design and engineering communities; to report on developments, discuss the issues, and suggest cross-pollinated solutions. Conventional workshops on accessibility tended to be single disciplinary in nature. However, we were concerned that a single disciplinary approach prevents the cross-pollination of ideas, needs, and technologies from other related but separate fields. The workshop was therefore, decidedly cross disciplinary in nature and brought together users, accessibility experts, graphic designers, and technologists from academia and industry to discuss how accessibility could be supported. We also encouraged the participation of users and other interested parties as an additional balance to the discussion. Views often bridged academia, commerce, and industry and arguments encompassed a range of beliefs across the design-accessibility spectrum. Our aim was to focus on accessibility by encouraging participation from many disciplines; represented in the following discussion and paper abstracts.},
Address = {New York, NY, USA},
Author = {Simon Harper and Yeliz Yesilada and Carole Goble},
Date-Added = {2010-12-06 09:32:56 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2010-12-06 09:32:56 +0000},
Doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1102187.1102198},
Journal = {{SIGACCESS Access. Comput.}},
Keywords = {Accessibility, Human Centred Web, W4A, Accessible Design, Web Accessibility, Engineering, SADIe, W4A-2005},
Month = {September},
Number = {83},
Pages = {64--72},
Publisher = {ACM Press},
Title = {{"Engineering accessible design": W4A -- International Cross Disciplinary Workshop on Web Accessibility 2005 Workshop Report}},
Url = {http://www.simonharper.info/publications/Harper2005ly.pdf},
Year = {2005},
Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.simonharper.info/publications/Harper2005ly.pdf},
Bdsk-Url-2 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1102187.1102198}
}